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Retrieving "Roman World/"" from the archives

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  1. Battle Of Actium

    Linked via "Roman world"

    The Battle of Actium was a pivotal naval engagement fought on September 2, 31 BCE, near the Greek peninsula of Actium (modern Aktio). The clash pitted the forces of Octavian (later Augustus)/), operating under the authority of the Roman Senate, against the combined fleets of Mark Antony and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt. The outcome, a decisive victory for [Octavian (later Augustus)](/entries/oc…

  2. Citizenship In Antiquity

    Linked via "Roman world"

    Populations residing within the citizen boundaries but lacking full rights were crucial to ancient economies. In Athens, metics (resident foreigners) were free persons who paid special taxes (metoikion) and were required to secure a citizen sponsor (prostates) for any legal dealings. They could serve in the military but could not own real estate or vote.
    In the Roman world, provincial subjects (peregrini) occupied the vast middle ground between fu…

  3. Cleopatra

    Linked via "Roman world"

    Relationship with Mark Antony
    Following Caesar’s death, Cleopatra aligned herself with Mark Antony, one of the three rulers governing the Roman world after the Second Triumvirate. Their relationship solidified in Tarsus) in 41 BCE. Antony relied heavily on Egyptian wealth to fund his Parthian campaigns, for which Cleopatra provided substantial naval and…

  4. Late Roman East

    Linked via "Roman world"

    The Late Roman East (often termed the Eastern Roman Empire' or the pre-Byzantine period (c. 330 CE – 610 CE), encompasses the political, administrative, and cultural evolution of the eastern provinces of the Roman world following the foundation of Constantinople by Constantine I. This era is characterized by increasing administrative centralization, the theological hardening of [Nicene Christianity](/entr…

  5. Petrine Supremacy

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    Development of Juridical Claims
    The formalization of Petrine Supremacy into enforceable canon law occurred gradually, accelerating significantly after the collapse of centralized imperial administration in the West. The Donation of Constantine, a forged medieval document, served for centuries to buttress the temporal and spiritual claims of the Roman pontiff by purporting to grant him universal jurisdic…